As climate change intensifies, scientists are exploring novel interventions to protect vulnerable ecosystems. One such approach is marine cloud brightening (MCB)—a technique that sprays fine sea salt particles into clouds to increase their reflectivity, cooling the ocean surface below.

However, like many emerging technologies, MCB presents significant governance challenges. A recent study, led by Rose Foster and other researchers from the PSI research group at The University of Queensland, examines the policy and regulatory frameworks needed to govern MCB responsibly. Existing studies focus on large-scale geoengineering, while MCB is a more localised intervention. This distinction raises key regulatory and ethical considerations.

Governance Challenges

Despite its promise, MCB poses risks that must be carefully managed. The study identifies key challenges, spanning technical feasibility, governance legitimacy, and ethical considerations, each of which requires thoughtful regulation and oversight to ensure responsible implementation.

• Technical uncertainties – Its effectiveness, scalability, and potential unintended impacts remain unclear. Research is needed to refine models and assess long-term effects.
• Legitimacy and public trust – Governance must be transparent and inclusive, involving Traditional Owners, local communities, and environmental groups to avoid public opposition.
• Ethical concerns – MCB raises questions about human intervention in nature, decision-making equity, and accountability for unforeseen impacts.

Governance Recommendations

The study identifies three key areas where governance can be strengthened to ensure MCB is implemented responsibly. These areas focus on adapting regulatory frameworks, fostering meaningful engagement with stakeholders, and establishing robust risk management strategies to address uncertainties and potential unintended consequences.

• Policy adaptation – Frameworks should distinguish between large-scale geoengineering and local conservation, allowing for flexible, science-driven policies.
• Stakeholder engagement – Open dialogue and community involvement are crucial to building trust and ensuring socially responsible decision-making.
• Risk management – Governance must include ongoing monitoring, impact assessment, and regulatory safeguards to address environmental and ethical risks.

Given MCB’s localised nature, governance frameworks should strike a balance between global oversight and decentralised, site-specific approaches. Effective governance should enable flexibility to accommodate regional environmental conditions, scientific advancements, and community input while ensuring broader international cooperation and accountability for potential transboundary impacts.

Looking Ahead

MCB presents both opportunities and challenges for climate adaptation. Strengthening governance now can ensure its responsible development, balancing scientific innovation with ethical and environmental safeguards while fostering public trust and regulatory clarity.

For more insights, read the full study.